Birth right Citizenship is neither necessary nor is it desirable

Summary

This report will seek to provide answers to the following questions raised by the Constitutional Review Commission (CRC):

 

• Should a person born in The Gambia to non-Gambian parents automatically become a citizen of The Gambia?

 

The key findings of the report are as follows:

1. CRC’s proposal on citizenship appears to lack a justifiable objective and is clearly at odds with international trend;
2. A change in law to allow automatic birth right citizenship in The Gambia will only have the effect of incentivising migration, which could potentially result to additional pressure on state resources, land and public infrastructure;
3. A change in law to allow automatic birth right citizenship will be diminutive of the value of Gambian Citizenship given the lack of reciprocity in relation to the source countries of migration into The Gambia;
4. Birth right citizenship could also be a source of conflict and social tension down the line.

Discussion

The Constitutional Review Commission was established by the Constitutional Review Commission Act 2017. The Act empowers the Commission to draft a new constitution for the Republic of The Gambia, and to submit the same to the president who shall publish the draft within six months.

Pursuant to this mandate, the CRC published an Issue Document containing 51-point questions, public response to which, amongst other things, is expected to shape or influence the content of the draft constitution.

The CRC also embarked on a nation-wide tour soliciting public opinion on the questions raised by the Issue Document. Among them are two questions concerning citizenship. This report will address one of the citizenship questions:

 

1. Should a person born in The Gambia to non-Gambian parents automatically become a citizen of The Gambia?

• This question is basically asking whether birth right citizenship, otherwise known as just soli based citizenship, should be recognized by the new constitution. Birth right citizenship can be defined as the unconditional right of anyone born in the territory of a state or country to the citizenship of that country;
• Citizenship is not just about been born in a country. It is also about cultural and blood ties, and having a bond with the country. A period of continuous residence is therefore required to enable migrants and their children who wish to become Gambian citizens, to fully integrate into the Gambian society, understand our culture, and be able to speak at least one major local language;
• Under the current constitution, citizenship of The Gambia can be acquired in the following four ways:

1. Citizenship by birth: Born in Gambia to Gambian citizens (parents) or where one of the parents is a Gambian (s. 9);
2. Citizenship by descent: Born outside Gambia to Gambian citizens (parents) or where one of the parents is a Gambian (s. 10);
3. Naturalization: A person in The Gambia who is not a citizen but lives in the country for 15 yrs can apply for citizenship by naturalization (s. 12); and
4. Registration: A person who is not a citizen but is married to a Gambian spouse for 7 yrs and have lived in The Gambia for that period can apply for citizenship by registration (s. 11).

Ramifications:

• The ECOWAS protocol on free movement conferred on Community citizens the right to enter and reside in the territory of any member state provided they possessed a valid travel document and international health certificate. The four supplementary protocols adopted between 1985 and 1990 also committed member states, among other things, to: provide valid travel document to their citizens, grant Community citizens the right of residence for the purpose of seeking and carrying out income-earning employment, ensure appropriate treatment for persons being expelled, not to expel Community citizens en-masse, limit the grounds for individual expulsion to reasons of national security, public order or morality, public health or non-fulfilment of an essential condition of residence. These treaty obligations also meant that The Gambia has very little control, if any, over who comes into the country, who remains, and how many. It is also largely responsible for the country’s migration-fuelled population boom;
• If the new constitution recognizes birth right citizenship, this would mean any person born within the borders of The Gambia and at our diplomatic missions overseas would automatically become a citizen of The Gambia without any condition, whatsoever. It would no longer matter that none of his/her parents is a Gambian, whether he/she lives long enough in the country to have bonded, understand our culture and be able to speak at least one Gambian language, or does not even intend to remain in the country;
• In respect of children, the situation, circumstance and legal status of their parents would also not matter, be it that the parents are criminals whose presence in the country is not conducive to the public good, have not lived in the country long enough to have bonded, do not speak or understand any of our languages, or have no intention, whatsoever, to remain in the country;
• Depending on the operative wording of the provision, the proposed law could also apply in retrospect, meaning any person who was born in The Gambia before the coming into force of the new constitution, but who is currently not a citizen of The Gambia, would automatically become a citizen of The Gambia regardless of whether he/she is living in the country or outside;

What is the justification?

• It is not clear why the CRC found the need to proffer this question. However, it does not appear that a change in law to allow automatic birth right citizenship will serve any good purpose let alone further our national interest:
• The main sources of migration into The Gambia are countries within the ECOWAS region (the Economic Community of West African States), all of which recognize citizenship by descent. As a matter of fact, there is hardly any country in this world that doesn’t recognize this type of citizenship. Therefore, a child born to migrant parents (non- citizens), despite not being a citizen of The Gambia under the current constitution, is actually not stateless. He/she is a bona fide citizen of the country of his/her parents. Thus, making it possible for that child to acquire automatic birth right citizenship in The Gambia will only confer dual citizenship on him/her at the point of birth. This is clearly unnecessary and will serve no purpose whatsoever;
• Furthermore, the lack of reciprocity in relation to the country of origin of the child and/or his/her parents would also mean that automatic birth right citizenship would be diminutive of the value of Gambian citizenship.

Naturalization:

• Under the current law, anybody who lived in The Gambia for 15yrs and intends to continue living in the country can apply for citizenship through naturalization. There is no suggestion that this position would change. Thus, a child born to migrant parents can make an informed decision as to whether or not he/she would like to become a citizen of The Gambia when he/she attains 18. If he/she wishes to become a citizen at this point, he/she can demonstrate that desire by applying for naturalization. We don’t have to make that decision for him/her at the point of birth or at time when he/she is not even born;
• Alternatively, the child’s parents can apply for citizenship on his/her behalf when he/she turns 15, which is the required residency period for naturalization in The Gambia;
• Furthermore, the current laws on citizenship appear to be progressive, culturally compliant and of international standard. Any change to allow automatic birth right citizenship would be retrogressive and incendiary to the many jus sanguinis Gambians (those with citizenship founded on blood ties), who will soon realize the implications.

Global Trend:

• The international trend on citizenship has massively moved away from unconditional jus soli. There are only 30 countries (out of about 200) in the world that presently practice this. Two are in the west, United States and Canada, and the rest are mainly small island states in the Caribbean and Latin America. Apart from Tanzania, there are no African, European, Asian or oceanic countries that practice automatic citizenship based on jus soli. That also means if The Gambia enacts this proposal into law, there will be no reciprocity, whatsoever, in relation to the source countries of migration into the country. What then is there to gain or the national interest to promote?
• The exception countries need to be seen in the light of their own history and constitutional set-ups. For example, birth right citizenship in the United States is an unintended consequence of needing to protect the descendants of slaves. Furthermore, the United States is a settler country (the Gambian territory was already settled for several hundred years before the founding of the country in 1888) with a rigid constitution that has just soli citizenship laws entrenched. That means any amendment or repeal of the constitution will require the votes of at least two-third in both houses of congress, and ratification by three-fourth of the state legislatures;
• Notwithstanding, both Democrats and Republicans have introduced Bills in congress, which sought to abolish or restrict jus soli citizenship laws of the United States. For example, Senator Harry Reid (D-Nev.) introduced legislation in 1993 that would have restricted birth right citizenship to the children of US citizens and legally resident aliens only. A similar legislation (Citizenship Reform Act 2005) introduced by the Republican Congressman, Nathan Deal, from the State of Georgia, would have restricted birth right citizenship to children born in wedlock to United States citizens or aliens lawfully admitted into the country for permanent residence and actually maintain such residence. A senate joint Resolution was also introduced in congress on the 6th January 2009. However, neither this nor any other proposed amendment was successfully passed;
• Despite the growing support for amendment or repeal of jus soli laws of the United States (65% of Americans do not support birth right citizenship – Rasmussen (2011 Survey)), the process involved is so complex and cumbersome that US politicians would rather concentrate on more pressing issues of utmost priority than trying to amend or repeal jus soli citizenship laws of the United States. Therefore, birth right citizenship being in place in the United States has more to do with the constitutional and legislative complexities of the country than anything else, if any;
• Furthermore, virtually every exception country is actually in full control of its borders and can decide who comes in, who stays within the country, and who goes out. That means they have the ability to put checks on population growth and the type of people they let into their countries. And unlike The Gambia, none of them is burden with any international treaty obligation that ties their hands behind their backs and makes them virtually powerless in the sphere of border control. 

Wider Consequences:

• Migration is one of the biggest factors responsible for population growth in The Gambia, at least in the last two decades or so, with foreigners accounting for about 25% of the population;

 

• Since the collapse of the first Republic (1970-1994), The Gambia has seen an unprecedented level of migration from the sub-region. The APRC regime exacerbated this problem by actively encouraging and facilitating migration from the Senegalese southern region of Cassamance on ethnic lines. Many of these migrants were given national documents and other privileges illegally and thereby incentivizing their stay in the country;

 

• This malevolent APRC political expediency has already put strains on community relations in the country particularly in the Fonis and Kombo, and also contributed, significantly, to the ethnically charged socio-political polarization the country is currently experiencing. Automatic birth right citizenship would exacerbate these problems and could potentially be a source of conflict down the line;

 

• Given the history of foreign voter interference in our national elections (the Yahya Jammeh era), with foreign voters been used to scupper or dilute the will of the Gambian people, a repugnant practice that was loathed and did caused annoyance and distress to many Gambians, a change in law to allow automatic birth right citizenship can potentially lead to the kind of anger and resentment that precipitated Brexit in Great Britain, or possibly the kind of social tensions that led to the Ivorian civil conflict of 2002-2007. For this reason alone, any suggestion or proposal to allow automatic birth right citizenship should be opposed;

 

• Gambia’s increasing migration level is also putting pressure on land (we only have a total land area of about 11,000sq. km), public infrastructure, our schools, the hospitals and health centres, and other public service delivery facilities in the country. Automatic birth right citizenship will incentivize migration, which may have the effect of a sustained or increased pressure on our national resources, public infrastructure and service delivery facilities. It would mean a continued struggle with our stock levels of vital drugs in our hospitals and health centres, our schools will continue to be overcrowded and teacher-pupil ratio unsatisfactory. More farmlands will be turned into residential homes, thereby pushing many vulnerable farmers into abject poverty, and employment opportunities for our youths will also remain scarce.

The ‘Stateless People’ Justification:

• The Peoples Organization for Independence and Socialism (PDOIS) has, through its Secretary General, confirmed their support for a change in law to allow automatic birth right citizenship in The Gambia. Without this, they posited, a lot of people in the country would either remain or become stateless. However, the party did not provide any basis for this position, not even a shred of it. Notwithstanding, I still consider it necessary to throw some light on the meaning of the term ‘stateless person’;

 

• The term ‘stateless person’ under international law means ‘a person who is not considered be a national (citizen) by any state under the operation of its laws’ (see UN Convention on Stateless Persons, art. 1). As explained above, a child born to migrant parents in The Gambia is a bona fide citizen of the country his/her parents come from, and is therefore not a stateless person. That makes the whole issue of ‘stateless people’ in The Gambia, nothing but an imaginative fiction;

 

• Even if there are stateless persons in the country, the obligation under international law is not to allow them acquire automatic birth right citizenship, but rather to facilitate their assimilation and naturalization as far as this is possible (see UN Convention on Stateless Persons, art. 32). They would remain subject to our laws on citizenship (art. 12(1)), and would have to satisfy any residency requirement other migrants ‘in the same circumstance’ other than being stateless, would need to satisfy in order to become eligible for citizenship (art. 6). Therefore, The Gambia has no obligation, whatsoever, to grant or make it possible for any stateless person living within its territory to acquire automatic birth right citizenship. That also makes the use of ‘stateless persons’ argument wholly untenable;

 

• There are about 10 Million registered stateless people in the world (UNHCR 2014 est.), with only 715,089 registered cases in Africa (UNHCR 2017 figures), and no registered cases, whatsoever, in The Gambia. Thus, unless we start attracting migrants from stateless territories like Western Sahara and Palestine, which is presently not the case, the likelihood of statelessness becoming an issue in the country is almost non-existent. In that respect, PDOIS’ position can only be seen as a ridiculous political hoax that is born out of nothing other than misguided idealism.

2. Conclusions:

• In conclusions, the CRC insinuated proposition to allow automatic birth right citizenship does not appear to have a justifiable objective and is clearly at odds with international trend;
• Furthermore, the current citizenship laws of The Gambia are progressive, culturally complaint and of international standard. Any change to allow automatic birth right citizenship would be retrogressive and incendiary;
• If anything, birth right citizenship would incentivize migration, which in turn could put extra pressure on resources, public service delivery facilities, and the infrastructure of the country;
• Birth right citizenship would also be diminutive of the value of Gambian citizenship and could potentially be a source of conflict and social tension down the line;
• For the above reasons, a change in law is neither necessary nor is it desirable.

3. Recommendations:

• I recommend that:

1. This proposal be rejected by all Gambians;
2. Should the proposal finds its way into the draft constitution, the National Assembly should expunge it before the draft is put to a referendum.

This report is commended to all Gambians.

Cc:

1. The Constitutional Review Commission (CRC)
2. Office of the Majority Leader of the National Assembly
3. Office of the Minority Leader of the National Assembly